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Condition: As New. Book is in NEW condition. Used - Softcover Condition: like new. Condition: like new. Used items may not include media like access codes or CDs. Fast shipping! Expedited orders take business days! Media mail may take up to 5 business days. Concentrate on unity and coherence of the overall piece. Revise your composition if necessary. Read through your draft, looking for places to improve content and structure.
Remember that varying your sentence patterns and lengths will make your writing easier and more enjoyable to read. In the editing stage, check your grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Focus on expressing your ideas clearly and concisely. Finally, prepare your writing for presentation. Sharing your composition, or ideas, with others may take many forms: printed, oral, or graphic. Outlining 1. The two common forms of outlines are sentence outlines and topic outlines.
Choose one type of outline and keep it uniform throughout. A period follows the number or letter of each division. Each point in a sentence outline ends with a period; the points in a topic outline do not. Each point begins with a capital letter. A point may have no fewer than two subpoints. This is the main point. Main point A. This is a subpoint of I. Subpoint of I 1. This is a detail of A.
Detail of A a. This is a detail of 1. Detail of 1 b. Detail of 1 2. Detail of A B. Subpoint of I II. This is another main point. Main point Writing Letters 1. Personal letters are usually handwritten in indented form first line of paragraphs, each line of the heading and inside address, and the signature are indented. Business letters are usually typewritten in block or semiblock form. Block form contains no indents; semiblock form indents only the first line of each paragraph.
Reveal your personality and imagination in colorful personal letters. Keep business letters brief, clear, and courteous. Personal letters include letters to friends and family members.
Thank-you notes and invitations are personal letters that may be either formal or informal in style. Use a letter of request, a type of business letter, to ask for information or to place an order. Be concise, yet give all the details necessary for your request to be fulfilled. Keep the tone of your letter courteous, and be generous in allotting time for a response. Use an opinion letter to take a firm stand on an issue.
Make the letter clear, firm, rational, and purposeful. Be aware of your audience, their attitude, how informed they are, and their possible reactions to your opinion. Support your statements of opinion with facts. Hoped it was lasagna. Was hot and tired afterward. Arrived just in the nick of time. She hoped it was lasagna. I jogged around the park twice. I was hot and tired afterward. Li Cheng raced to the bus stop. He arrived just in the nick of time. Make a complete sentence by adding a subject to the fragment.
His assistant after lunch. The ants around in constant motion. Mammoth Cave. His assistant helped after lunch. Troubleshooter Ant farms are fascinating. The ants crawl around in constant motion. Our class went on a field trip. Mammoth Cave was our destination. Make a complete sentence by adding a predicate.
In the nursery. The whole house smelled fresh and clean. In the morning. The noisy chatter of the squirrels awakened us early in the morning. Combine the fragment with another sentence. Need More help in avoiding sentence More fragments is available in Lesson 5. They are next to the salad bar. Make two sentences by separating the first clause from the second with end punctuation, such as a period or a question mark, and starting the second sentence with a capital letter.
Place a semicolon between the main clauses of the sentence. She passed her exam. Troubleshooter Make two sentences out of the run-on sentence. Add a comma and a coordinating conjunction between the main clauses. Julian gazed at the moon, and he marveled at its brightness. Add a comma before the coordinating conjunction. Need More help in avoiding run-on More sentences is available in Help? Lesson 6. The house in the suburbs was just what she wanted.
Make sure that the verb agrees with the subject of the sentence, not with the object of a preposition. The object of a preposition is never the subject. Troubleshooter There are the pencils you were looking for.
Here are the snapshots from our vacation to the Grand Canyon. In sentences that begin with here or there, look for the subject after the verb. Make sure that the verb agrees with the subject.
Many of the movies were black and white. None of the leaves are turning colors yet. Some indefinite pronouns are singular, some are plural, and some can be either singular or plural.
Determine whether the indefinite pronoun is singular or plural, and make the verb agree. Use a plural verb if the parts of the compound subject do not belong to one unit or if they refer to different people or things.
Use a singular verb if the parts of the compound subject belong to one unit or if they refer to the same person or thing. Troubleshooter Neither pepper nor spices improve the flavor of this sauce. Either Caroline or Robin volunteers at the local food pantry. Make the verb agree with the subject that is closer to it. Need More help with subject-verb More agreement is available in Help?
Lessons 50— They sailed last month for Barbados. Sally and James landed at the airport yesterday. To form the past tense and the past participle, add -ed to a regular verb. Troubleshooter Trent drank all the orange juice.
The evening breeze blew the clouds away. Irregular verbs vary in their past and past participle forms. Look up the ones you are not sure of. Consider memorizing them if you feel it is necessary. Use the past participle form of an irregular verb, and not its past form, when you use the auxiliary verb have. Henry ran with Philip, but Philip was faster. When Sarah visits Corinne, Corinne is glad for the company.
Substitute a noun for the pronoun to make your sentence clearer. Troubleshooter Nina and they bought theater tickets yesterday. Karen and I heard the good news on the television. Use a subject pronoun as the subject part of a sentence. The new signs confused Clark and them. Grant wrote her a letter of apology. An object pronoun is the object of a verb or preposition. Lessons 22— Literature is my best subject. The words better and best are the comparative and superlative forms of the word good.
Do not use the words more or most before the irregular forms of comparative and superlative adjectives. Do not use the suffixes -er or -est after the irregular forms of comparative and superlative adjectives. Do not use -er and more together. Need More help with the correct use More of adjectives is available in Help?
Lessons 28— Jake ate dinner, watched a movie, and visited friends. If there are three or more items in a series, use a comma after each item except the last one. The interrupting words are also followed by a comma. The old lane, a tree-lined gravel path, is a great place to walk on a hot afternoon.
Decide whether the appositive is truly essential to the meaning of the sentence. If it is not essential, set it off with commas. Decide whether the clause is truly essential to the meaning of the sentence.
If it is not essential, then set it off with commas. Place a comma after an introductory adverbial clause. Need More help with commas is More available in Lessons 73— Place an apostrophe before a final -s to form the possessive of a singular noun, even one that ends in -s. Use an apostrophe by itself to form the possessive of a plural noun that ends in -s. When a plural noun does not end in -s, use an apostrophe and an -s to form the possessive of the noun.
Troubleshooter Do not use apostrophes with possessive personal pronouns. Use an apostrophe to form the contraction of it is. Need More help with apostrophes More and possessives is available in Help? Lessons 10 and Capitalize proper nouns and adjectives referring to ethnic groups, nationalities, and languages. Need More help with capitalization is More available in Lessons 68— Different kinds of sentences have different purposes.
A declarative sentence makes a statement. It begins with a capital letter and ends with a period. It begins with a capital letter and ends with a question mark. Grammar My hobby is reading mystery books.
Have you ever played a mandolin? Sleet and ice kept us housebound last weekend. Do you know how to word process? How much do these sweaters cost? Those shelves smell like lemon oil. Do you think my hair is too long? Tamara worked long hours to finish her painting. Was the English test difficult? Da-chun and his dad won the sack race.
I think blue is my favorite color. The rusty hinges creaked as Grant opened the old door. Were you born in Montana, or did you move here?
Could you help me with my homework tonight? Jane wiped her hand across her forehead. Clear expression is an art. Grandma is the computer games champion in our family. Have you ever seen purple cotton candy? Did the squirrels eat all the tulip bulbs? Add correct punctuation and capitalization where needed. Grammar dec. Have you met Nadine? Can you name that tune? Zahara is visiting with her aunt this week. Ricardo makes dinner on Tuesdays while his mom studies.
Mirna lives in the apartment above Mrs. Have you taken any classes at the art museum? Will you make a copy of that photograph for me? Kenny walked across the floor on his hands. Have you heard Amelia sing her solo? Did you see that boy in the plumed hat? It begins with a capital letter and ends with an exclamation point. I aced the test! Its subject is not stated directly, but is understood to be you. Imperative sentences also begin with a capital letter and usually end with a period.
A strong command may end with Grammar an exclamation point. You Put your essay on my desk when you are finished. If a sentence is neither exclamatory nor imperative, write neither. Choose one and then pass the rest along. Please keep this to yourself.
I can do it myself! Run away from trouble. Leave the dance before midnight. Have you ever ridden in a hot-air balloon? Call in an emergency. This really makes me angry! Be particularly careful with this antique clock. We won! Be careful! Rhoda just set a record for the broad jump! The dense grass felt like smooth carpet. Let me try!
Listen to me! Wear protective clothing. Kiss the Blarney Stone before you leave Ireland. Remember to stand when Dr. Chou enters the room. Grammar exc. Please pass the honey. Joachim dressed as a chocolate bar for the costume party.
Are you interested in going to a movie? Move the picnic table to the shade. Apricot jam is a good glaze for baked ham. How clever of you! Be alert to rapidly changing weather conditions. Give me a chance! I don't believe it!
Be careful. Never disturb nesting birds. Tuck your pants inside your socks when hiking. Our new neighbors moved in yesterday. Define the word monsoon. Did you notice the price of that saddle? There is a Thai restaurant around the corner from us. Hold that pose while I adjust the camera lens. What a mess your room is! Raise the flag at sunrise. The subject of a sentence tells whom or what the sentence is about. The predicate of the sentence tells what the subject does or has.
It can also tell what the subject is or is like. Grammar The simple subject, usually a noun or a pronoun, is the main word or group of words in the complete subject. The complete subject is the simple subject with all of its modifiers. The simple predicate, which is always a verb, is the main word or group of words in the complete predicate. The complete predicate is the simple predicate with all of its modifiers. Underline each simple subject once and each simple predicate twice.
Ireland is known as the Emerald Isle. The rolling, green landscape glows against its blue backdrop. Mild temperatures keep the lush vegetation deep green. Regular rainfall keeps the soil dark and moist. Trees once added greatly to the greenness. Little woodland remains in Ireland today, however. Farmlands cover most of central Ireland. Many mountain ranges rise near the coasts.
Kerry is a beautiful area of lakes and mountains. William Butler Yeats started this theater. Yeats was a memorable Irish poet and dramatist. He lived during the time known as the Irish Literary Revival.
Grammar Joyce is the most famous of the three. He often wrote about Dublin and about the Irish people. The influence of Irish writers extended beyond their native country. George Bernard Shaw was popular in English and American theaters. Oscar Wilde also found fame in England and the United States.
Several Irish painters perfected their craft with the help of the Royal Hibernian Academy. Artists from Ireland produced great treasures over the years. Each captured the beauty of the Emerald Isle.
Two or more simple subjects that have the same predicate form a compound subject. The subjects are joined by and, or, or but. Keisha or Alex can fix that bike for you.
A compound predicate has two or more simple predicates, or verbs, that have the same subject. The simple predicates are connected by and, or, or but. Grammar Wasps drink nectar and eat other insects.
Draw two lines under each part of a compound predicate. Furniture and knickknacks were available at the craft show. Sally and Mike will lead the parade. The people in the village first resisted but then accepted the new factory. New carpet or wallpaper would brighten this old kitchen. Before the show, Simon and Ashley practiced their dialogue. The lucky quarter rolled and bounced down the steps. Lindsay and Neil filled food baskets for the homeless in their community.
The speaker hesitated but soon began his presentation. Sleet or rain is predicted for the tri-state area tonight. Jake baked brownies and cooked pasta for the surprise party. Lawson wrote, directed, and produced this musical. The crowd called and waved to the three astronauts. Leave your jacket on the coat rack or hang it in the closet. In the program, Claire and Sue were listed before Scott. Crocuses or daylilies would grow well there.
Basil, olive oil, and spinach are used in that recipe. Our soccer team played hard but lost the game in the last minute. Joan, Tom, or Wing will head the decorations committee. On election day, the levy will pass or fail. Cake and ice cream were served to all the guests. Alligators or sea lions will be the topic of her report. Books, clothes, and other items had been collected and sold at the fundraiser. Sven hurried but missed his plane. Tarini writes or phones every participant in the study once a week.
The pinch hitter swung at every pitch but missed the ball each time. The Thomases and the Jordans are planning a trip to Costa Rica. Suits and ties are worn daily at that all-boys school. The rings of Saturn and the moons of Jupiter have been seen through this telescope. A group of words that does not have both a subject and a predicate is an incomplete sentence, or sentence fragment.
The truck, an old red one. Learned about bees. Geneticist Warwick Kerr studied honeybees. In he imported some African queen bees.
These bees had a savage reputation. Attacked animals and people without warning. However, African bees sting only to defend their nest.
Most stinging incidents occur during the swarming season. The hot summer months. Stinging incidents by large numbers of bees are uncommon. Kerr carefully kept the bees in enclosures. Not another beekeeper. Allowed twenty-six queens and their swarms to escape. The African bees readily nested in the wilds of Brazil.
Reproducing quickly and swarming frequently. The African honeybees began to spread. In all directions. If the sentence is complete, write sent.
P Honey bees, digger wasps, and red ants. Live together in colonies. Did you know that a colony may contain thousands of insects? One queen. Produce all the eggs. A special room or cell for the queen. Grammar sent. Bees, wasps, and ants undergo a complete metamorphosis. The four stages of these insects. The egg, the larva, the pupa, and the adult. The female workers.
Workers have many jobs. Collect food and take care of the nest, the queen, and her offspring. Some workers protect the nest from enemies. Search for food to bring back to the colony. However, a simple sentence may have a compound subject, a compound predicate, or both.
Saturn and Jupiter are the two largest planets in our solar system. Paramecium are very small; a microscope is needed to examine them. A run-on sentence is two or more sentences incorrectly written as one sentence. To correct a run-on sentence, divide it into separate sentences or add the necessary words or punctuation to form one complete sentence.
Run-on: The movie was long I got restless. Corrected: The movie was long. I got restless. Corrected: The movie was long, and I got restless. Turn right at the stop sign go left at the next corner. Both Kuma and Angie enjoy hiking and backpacking. Niabi plays both the oboe and the piano and plays them very well. Lately, all of my clothes seem too small. The meal ended with carrot cake and tea. Why do I have to clean my room and the bathroom? I have too many clothes, my closet is stuffed.
We went to the reptile house, and later we saw the pachyderms. Grammar C I always agree with Marta, and Marta always agrees with me. Conserve resources, use them wisely. Please be kind to Amy; she needs a friend right now.
Should I take the bus to school, or should I walk? Rain forced cancellation of the game, it is rescheduled for next week. Beth and Ricardo need a ride to the pep rally tomorrow. The storm blew down a tree on our street, but there was no other damage. We have a new system for recycling at home. Look for Jeff and Dominic in the crowd. A canoe is not as stable as a rowboat, be careful not to tip it. The accident ruined the car, fortunately no one was seriously injured.
Button your sweater. How much memory does that computer have? The Lopez family enjoys watching old movies together. How can I get this project done on time? Georgia knows that author. You look elegant! That combination of colors is quite striking. Put out the trash on Wednesday morning. Both soccer and tennis have great teams this year.
Get the fire extinguisher! Will you turn out the lights before you go to bed? Turn out the lights before you go to bed. Pull the thorn out before your finger blisters.
The population of the United States is increasing. Do you know how to make snickerdoodles? I am so excited! Draw one line under each simple subject and two lines under each simple predicate in the simple and complex sentences. Too sweet to be forgotten. Lucy practices jai alai four hours a day. Mount Fuji, one of the most famous volcanoes in Japan. Grammar C 3. I played the marimba, and George played guitar. The musty cave housed ancient Mayan carvings. The judge banged the gavel, and a hush fell instantly over the courtroom.
The candle cast a dim glow upon the curtain, the scene looked eerie. The success of the demonstration. Max rode Lightning through the stream and up the hill. Shot a few hoops with Jim yesterday. Shovel the walks, please. Josh washed and polished the car. Enlisted in the Coast Guard at eighteen. The sleepy lion with the orange mane.
Rain fell for hours the basement flooded. Ivan the Great was the first czar of Russia; however, Ivan the Terrible was more powerful. The wolf huffed and puffed. Moved round the cove and next to the cliffs. The job was easy, but the pay was low.
A singular noun names one person, place, thing, or idea. A plural noun names more than one. Plural nouns are usually formed by adding -s or -es to the singular noun.
A common noun names any person, place, thing, or idea. Write pl. Juanita suggested that my boys visit the circus. Circus Royale was the name of the circus that came to town last week. The opening parade was a great introduction to the event. The nine elephants were trained by a man named Zingarelli. One of the best acts was a family of acrobats from Paris. A juggler managed to juggle eight saucers at once. A band played marches by Sousa and rags by Joplin.
When the wildcat act appeared, the audience applauded with glee. Besides lions and tigers, a cheetah and a panther were in the act. After the wildcat act, fourteen clowns emerged from a tiny car.
Do you have any idea how all of them could fit into that tiny car? Although they used a net, the Flying Greiners were thrilling on the trapeze.
My little sister, Nina, wants to learn to perform on the high wire. However, my favorite act was the magician. I would go to circuses every week if I had the chance. Barnum has a name that reminds many people of the circus.
Grammar 3. Charles S. Stratton probably brought in the most money. In , William Cameron Coup joined Barnum to take the circus on the road. The two showmen amazed many government leaders, including Abraham Lincoln and Queen Victoria. During the run of the circus, Barnum served a term as mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut. After some time in politics, Barnum visited the London Zoo.
There, he acquired a large African elephant. The elephant, named Jumbo, weighed over six tons! James A. Bailey, a later partner of Barnum, helped to improve the circus. Before his death in , Barnum hosted many famous people, including Mark Twain. In , after Bailey died, the Ringling Brothers bought the show. Include both common and proper nouns. Abstract nouns name ideas, qualities, or feelings. A collective noun gives a single name to a group of individuals.
When referring to a group as a unit, the noun is singular. When referring to the individual members of the group, the noun is plural. The mob was waiting at the door for the store to open. Why did Sharon begin playing the tuba?
The entire house was decorated with excellent taste. The hissing of the radiator distracted him. The barbershop quartet rehearsed in the cafeteria. The spectators saw the entire production on a huge monitor.
Cleanliness is important to my mother. Dad enjoyed listening to music on his new car CD player. My friend brought some oranges back from Florida. It took courage to sing the solo in front of so many people. Aside from one baby, the audience was extremely quiet. Bella showed great ability for solving logic problems.
The band is, are polishing their instruments before the competition. A new committee has been, have been formed to plan the field trip. Grammar 2. The team selects, select their officers by secret ballot. The Audubon Society promote, promotes the conservation of wild birds. The audience is, are aware that they were lucky to get tickets.
Because it is fed only once daily, the flock eats, eat very fast. The trio performs, perform at many local festivities. The jury is, are all members of the community. The team has, have an awards banquet at the end of the regular season. A panel of judges presides, preside over the Supreme Court. Although it is small, our orchestra is, are well rehearsed. The school club provides, provide assistance to local charities. The committee disagrees, disagree with each other about proper procedure.
Outside my bedroom window, the swarm of bees buzzes, buzz loudly. The matinee audience is, are usually smaller than the evening crowd. Use examples of concrete, abstract, and collective nouns. To form a plural of a compound noun written as one word, add -s or -es. Add -es to words ending in ch, sh, s, x, and z. When the compound noun is hyphenated or written as more than one word, make the most important part of the noun plural.
To form the Grammar possessive for all singular nouns and for plural nouns not ending in -s, add an apostrophe and an -s. To form the possessive of all plural nouns already ending in -s, add only an apostrophe. The teardrop fell from her check as she sobbed. Moonbeams 2. Moonbeam cut through the trees of the forest. After school, we hurled snowball at our friends. Earthworms 4. Earthworm improve the soil in our garden.
This Olympics is filled with record holder. My Aunt Minya collects nutcracker. Our family tradition calls for all mother-in-law to bake a pie at Thanksgiving. Just before sunrise, the morning star twinkle beautifully.
Lighthouses Lighthouse protect the coastline of Maine. The lifeguard at the amusement park do a noble job. The city is repairing several overpass. Old houses have keyhole that you can look through. My little sister has a whole collection of music box. George Washington troops crossed the Delaware River.
Sonja was surprised by her son interests. Charles new bike sparkled in the sun. My part-time job fits most students needs. For the poster, we clipped words and pictures from my mother magazines. Fresh vegetables flavor often exceeds that of canned ones. Many countries goals include less crime.
The animals habitats are quickly being destroyed. A crop yield can supply hundreds with food. Marta Evans hobbies include skiing and dancing. Some believe that the atmosphere ozone layer is disappearing. The two teachers classes all followed the same theme. The football team hopes were dashed in the playoffs. Be sure to include compound and possessive nouns both singular and plural.
The farmers harvested the corn. Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California. The Pony Express was around in the early s. Senator William H. The mail prices once cost five dollars for a one-half-ounce letter.
However, the costs soon dropped to only one dollar. It was amazing the way the riders could change horses so quickly. Although they faced many troubles, few riders were seriously hurt.
After the transcontinental telegraph opened, the Pony Express shut down in two days. My brother, Jean, will accompany me to the boat. An appositive phrase is a group of words that includes an appositive and other words that describe the appositive. Many appositives are set off by commas.
Raji Pabijan, a distinguished geologist, will speak at the Science Club meeting.
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